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Introduction to MS-DOS 3.3
MS-DOS is a text-oriented, command-driven operating system used by the IBM-PC
and its clones. This brief document will introduce you to a minimum set of
commands needed to operate the computer effectively.
1. Booting up. Booting up means to start up the computer from scratch
by loading the DOS from disk into the computer's RAM (random access memory).
To do this, simply turn on the computer, or if the computer is already on, hold
down the CTRL-ALT-DEL keys. The computer will boot up on its hard drive.
After bootup, you will see the DOS prompt char acter, "> " and a flashing
cursor.
2. Disk Catalog. In MS-DOS, disk drives are identified by
letter. On the (old) PC/XTs, drive A and B are the internal 5.25" drives and
drive C or D is the hard disk. On the Model 60, drive A is the internal 3.5"
floppy drive, B is the external 5.25" drive (added only for compatibility with
the older machines), and drives C, D, and E are different partitions of the
internal 80 MByte hard disk. On the two IBM 50z models, drive A is also an
internal 3.5" floppy drive and drive C is the internal hard disk.
To see what is on disk C, type
DIR C: <RETURN>
where <RETURN> means to press the RETURN key. This shows a directory
listing giving, from left to right, the file name, extension, size in bytes,
and the date the file was last modified. Here are some variations on the DIR
command:
Scroll through long directory:
View all files of specified type: dir *.ext
where ext is the desired
extension.
3. Naming, Deleting, renaming, and copying files. DOS file names can
have only 8 characters and can not include spaces or other punctuation. There
may be an optional three letter extension, which is shown in the second column
of the directory listing. The extensions "EXE" and "COM" mean that the file is
a executable binary, meaning a program that you can run by typing its name
(without the extension) at the DOS prompt. The extension "TXT" means a text
file, "BAT" is a batch file, "DOC" is a word processor file, etc. Usually, when
typing a file name, put a dot (period) between the file name and the
extension.
To delete an individual file from the disk:
DEL MY_DATA.TXT
will delete the file MY_DATA.TXT.
RENAME OLD_NAME, NEW_NAME
will change the name of the file OLD_NAME to NEW_NAME.
Here are some common DOS commands that deal with copying:
Copy a file to another disk:
Duplicate a file: copy filename name2
where name2 is name of copy
Duplicate a diskette in the "a" drive: copy a: *.* b: or use diskcopy
Move file to another disk: copy a:filename b: then delete
a:filename
To check the amount of space remaining on a disk disk, type chkdsk.
4. Initializing (formatting) floppy disks. To initialize (format) a
disk means to erase all the old files. Place the disk to be initialized into
drive A and type
FORMAT A: <RETURN>
The process takes about a minute. (To make a bootable system disk, type
FORMAT A: /S <RETURN> instead).
Use the FORMAT command to initialize (format) a disk obtained from the
instructor.
5. Subdirectories. MS-DOS disks may be divided into subdirectories,
just like Macintosh folders. In a directory listing, subdirectories are
indicated by <DIR> in the second column. Several DOS commands deal with
subdirectories:
Create a new sub-directory called directoryname :
"Getting into" a sub- directory:
Move to "parent" sub-directory (one level up)
Move to root directory:
View specified directory:
Remove (delete) a sub-directory: First delete all files in the directory, then rd
directoryname
Copy a file or sub-directory to another disk:
Duplicate a subdirectory: Create new subdirectory, then copy old\ *.* new\
*.*
Move file to another sub-directory on the same disk. copy old\ file new\ file
then delete old\ file
Rename directory: Make new directory, move files to it, delete old one.
A handy way to know what directory you are "in" is to type prompt $p$g
at the DOS prompt. This changes the DOS prompt to indicate the current
subdirectory.
6. Text files. Text files can consist of any alphanumeric text such as
word processor documents, text downloaded (received) from another com puter,
tables of decimal numeric data, etc. It is conventional (but by no means
universal) to give text file the extension "TXT". MS-DOS 3.3 actually has a
built in text editor called EDLIN, but it is so crude that no one uses it.
Better to use any word processor, or even the QuickBASIC editor, and then save
the file in TEXT-only format . You can view short text file directly from DOS
by means of the command type filename.
This page is maintained by Tom O'Haver , Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, The University of Maryland at College Park.
Comments, suggestions and questions should be directed to
Prof. O'Haver at to2@umail.umd.edu.